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Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: SR-71 Blackbird (tail view)
Image by Chris Devers
See more photos of this, and the Wikipedia report.
Details, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird:
No reconnaissance aircraft in history has operated globally in far more hostile airspace or with such total impunity than the SR-71, the world’s quickest jet-propelled aircraft. The Blackbird’s efficiency and operational achievements placed it at the pinnacle of aviation technologies developments during the Cold War.
This Blackbird accrued about 2,800 hours of flight time throughout 24 years of active service with the U.S. Air Force. On its final flight, March 6, 1990, Lt. Col. Ed Yielding and Lt. Col. Joseph Vida set a speed record by flying from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C., in 1 hour, 4 minutes, and 20 seconds, averaging 3,418 kilometers (two,124 miles) per hour. At the flight’s conclusion, they landed at Washington-Dulles International Airport and turned the airplane over to the Smithsonian.
Transferred from the United States Air Force.
Manufacturer:
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
Designer:
Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson
Date:
1964
Country of Origin:
United States of America
Dimensions:
Overall: 18ft five 15/16in. x 55ft 7in. x 107ft 5in., 169998.5lb. (five.638m x 16.942m x 32.741m, 77110.8kg)
Other: 18ft five 15/16in. x 107ft 5in. x 55ft 7in. (five.638m x 32.741m x 16.942m)
Materials:
Titanium
Physical Description:
Twin-engine, two-seat, supersonic strategic reconnaissance aircraft airframe constructed largley of titanium and its alloys vertical tail fins are constructed of a composite (laminated plastic-variety material) to decrease radar cross-section Pratt and Whitney J58 (JT11D-20B) turbojet engines feature large inlet shock cones.
Extended Description:
No reconnaissance aircraft in history has operated in much more hostile airspace or with such full impunity than the SR-71 Blackbird. It is the quickest aircraft propelled by air-breathing engines. The Blackbird’s efficiency and operational achievements placed it at the pinnacle of aviation technologies developments in the course of the Cold War. The airplane was conceived when tensions with communist Eastern Europe reached levels approaching a complete-blown crisis in the mid-1950s. U.S. military commanders desperately needed correct assessments of Soviet worldwide military deployments, specifically close to the Iron Curtain. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation’s subsonic U-2 (see NASM collection) reconnaissance aircraft was an able platform but the U. S. Air Force recognized that this reasonably slow aircraft was already vulnerable to Soviet interceptors. They also understood that the rapid development of surface-to-air missile systems could put U-2 pilots at grave threat. The danger proved reality when a U-two was shot down by a surface to air missile over the Soviet Union in 1960.
Lockheed’s initial proposal for a new higher speed, higher altitude, reconnaissance aircraft, to be capable of avoiding interceptors and missiles, centered on a design and style propelled by liquid hydrogen. This proved to be impracticable because of considerable fuel consumption. Lockheed then reconfigured the design for traditional fuels. This was feasible and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), currently flying the Lockheed U-two, issued a production contract for an aircraft designated the A-12. Lockheed’s clandestine ‘Skunk Works’ division (headed by the gifted style engineer Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson) created the A-12 to cruise at Mach three.two and fly nicely above 18,288 m (60,000 feet). To meet these challenging specifications, Lockheed engineers overcame a lot of daunting technical challenges. Flying a lot more than 3 occasions the speed of sound generates 316° C (600° F) temperatures on external aircraft surfaces, which are adequate to melt conventional aluminum airframes. The style group chose to make the jet’s external skin of titanium alloy to which shielded the internal aluminum airframe. Two standard, but very strong, afterburning turbine engines propelled this outstanding aircraft. These energy plants had to operate across a massive speed envelope in flight, from a takeoff speed of 334 kph (207 mph) to far more than three,540 kph (two,200 mph). To stop supersonic shock waves from moving inside the engine intake causing flameouts, Johnson’s group had to design a complicated air intake and bypass method for the engines.
Skunk Performs engineers also optimized the A-12 cross-section style to exhibit a low radar profile. Lockheed hoped to accomplish this by carefully shaping the airframe to reflect as little transmitted radar power (radio waves) as possible, and by application of particular paint made to absorb, rather than reflect, those waves. This treatment became a single of the very first applications of stealth technology, but it by no means entirely met the style ambitions.
Test pilot Lou Schalk flew the single-seat A-12 on April 24, 1962, right after he became airborne accidentally for the duration of high-speed taxi trials. The airplane showed fantastic guarantee but it necessary considerable technical refinement prior to the CIA could fly the very first operational sortie on Could 31, 1967 – a surveillance flight over North Vietnam. A-12s, flown by CIA pilots, operated as portion of the Air Force’s 1129th Unique Activities Squadron under the "Oxcart" system. Whilst Lockheed continued to refine the A-12, the U. S. Air Force ordered an interceptor version of the aircraft designated the YF-12A. The Skunk Works, however, proposed a "specific mission" version configured to conduct post-nuclear strike reconnaissance. This technique evolved into the USAF’s familiar SR-71.
Lockheed constructed fifteen A-12s, which includes a special two-seat trainer version. Two A-12s had been modified to carry a unique reconnaissance drone, designated D-21. The modified A-12s were redesignated M-21s. These were created to take off with the D-21 drone, powered by a Marquart ramjet engine mounted on a pylon amongst the rudders. The M-21 then hauled the drone aloft and launched it at speeds high adequate to ignite the drone’s ramjet motor. Lockheed also constructed three YF-12As but this sort by no means went into production. Two of the YF-12As crashed throughout testing. Only a single survives and is on display at the USAF Museum in Dayton, Ohio. The aft section of one particular of the "written off" YF-12As which was later employed along with an SR-71A static test airframe to manufacture the sole SR-71C trainer. One particular SR-71 was lent to NASA and designated YF-12C. Including the SR-71C and two SR-71B pilot trainers, Lockheed constructed thirty-two Blackbirds. The very first SR-71 flew on December 22, 1964. Since of extreme operational costs, military strategists decided that the more capable USAF SR-71s must replace the CIA’s A-12s. These have been retired in 1968 following only a single year of operational missions, mostly over southeast Asia. The Air Force’s 1st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (element of the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing) took more than the missions, flying the SR-71 beginning in the spring of 1968.
Following the Air Force began to operate the SR-71, it acquired the official name Blackbird– for the specific black paint that covered the airplane. This paint was formulated to absorb radar signals, to radiate some of the tremendous airframe heat generated by air friction, and to camouflage the aircraft against the dark sky at high altitudes.
Experience gained from the A-12 program convinced the Air Force that flying the SR-71 safely needed two crew members, a pilot and a Reconnaissance Systems Officer (RSO). The RSO operated with the wide array of monitoring and defensive systems installed on the airplane. This gear included a sophisticated Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) program that could jam most acquisition and targeting radar. In addition to an array of sophisticated, higher-resolution cameras, the aircraft could also carry gear designed to record the strength, frequency, and wavelength of signals emitted by communications and sensor devices such as radar. The SR-71 was made to fly deep into hostile territory, avoiding interception with its tremendous speed and higher altitude. It could operate safely at a maximum speed of Mach three.three at an altitude far more than sixteen miles, or 25,908 m (85,000 ft), above the earth. The crew had to put on pressure suits equivalent to these worn by astronauts. These suits were needed to defend the crew in the occasion of sudden cabin stress loss although at operating altitudes.
To climb and cruise at supersonic speeds, the Blackbird’s Pratt & Whitney J-58 engines have been developed to operate constantly in afterburner. Even though this would seem to dictate high fuel flows, the Blackbird truly achieved its very best "gas mileage," in terms of air nautical miles per pound of fuel burned, for the duration of the Mach three+ cruise. A standard Blackbird reconnaissance flight may require numerous aerial refueling operations from an airborne tanker. Each time the SR-71 refueled, the crew had to descend to the tanker’s altitude, generally about 6,000 m to 9,000 m (20,000 to 30,000 ft), and slow the airplane to subsonic speeds. As velocity decreased, so did frictional heat. This cooling effect caused the aircraft’s skin panels to shrink considerably, and these covering the fuel tanks contracted so considerably that fuel leaked, forming a distinctive vapor trail as the tanker topped off the Blackbird. As quickly as the tanks have been filled, the jet’s crew disconnected from the tanker, relit the afterburners, and again climbed to high altitude.
Air Force pilots flew the SR-71 from Kadena AB, Japan, all through its operational profession but other bases hosted Blackbird operations, also. The 9th SRW sometimes deployed from Beale AFB, California, to other locations to carryout operational missions. Cuban missions were flown directly from Beale. The SR-71 did not commence to operate in Europe until 1974, and then only temporarily. In 1982, when the U.S. Air Force based two aircraft at Royal Air Force Base Mildenhall to fly monitoring mission in Eastern Europe.
When the SR-71 became operational, orbiting reconnaissance satellites had currently replaced manned aircraft to collect intelligence from sites deep within Soviet territory. Satellites could not cover every single geopolitical hotspot so the Blackbird remained a crucial tool for worldwide intelligence gathering. On a lot of occasions, pilots and RSOs flying the SR-71 supplied information that proved important in formulating effective U. S. foreign policy. Blackbird crews offered critical intelligence about the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and its aftermath, and pre- and post-strike imagery of the 1986 raid carried out by American air forces on Libya. In 1987, Kadena-based SR-71 crews flew a number of missions over the Persian Gulf, revealing Iranian Silkworm missile batteries that threatened commercial shipping and American escort vessels.
As the efficiency of space-primarily based surveillance systems grew, along with the effectiveness of ground-primarily based air defense networks, the Air Force started to lose enthusiasm for the pricey system and the 9th SRW ceased SR-71 operations in January 1990. Regardless of protests by military leaders, Congress revived the system in 1995. Continued wrangling more than operating budgets, even so, soon led to final termination. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration retained two SR-71As and the one SR-71B for high-speed investigation projects and flew these airplanes till 1999.
On March six, 1990, the service profession of one Lockheed SR-71A Blackbird ended with a record-setting flight. This particular airplane bore Air Force serial quantity 64-17972. Lt. Col. Ed Yeilding and his RSO, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Vida, flew this aircraft from Los Angeles to Washington D.C. in 1 hour, 4 minutes, and 20 seconds, averaging a speed of three,418 kph (2,124 mph). At the conclusion of the flight, ‘972 landed at Dulles International Airport and taxied into the custody of the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum. At that time, Lt. Col. Vida had logged 1,392.7 hours of flight time in Blackbirds, far more than that of any other crewman.
This certain SR-71 was also flown by Tom Alison, a former National Air and Space Museum’s Chief of Collections Management. Flying with Detachment 1 at Kadena Air Force Base, Okinawa, Alison logged far more than a dozen ‘972 operational sorties. The aircraft spent twenty-4 years in active Air Force service and accrued a total of 2,801.1 hours of flight time.
Wingspan: 55’7"
Length: 107’5"
Height: 18’6"
Weight: 170,000 Lbs
Reference and Further Reading:
Crickmore, Paul F. Lockheed SR-71: The Secret Missions Exposed. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1996.
Francillon, Rene J. Lockheed Aircraft Because 1913. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1987.
Johnson, Clarence L. Kelly: A lot more Than My Share of It All. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985.
Miller, Jay. Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Functions. Leicester, U.K.: Midland Counties Publishing Ltd., 1995.
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird curatorial file, Aeronautics Division, National Air and Space Museum.
DAD, 11-11-01
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Location: 798 Art Zone, Beijing. China
798 Art Zone (Chinese: 798艺术区 pinyin: 798 Yìshùqū), or Dashanzi Art District, is a part of Dashanzi in the Chaoyang District of Beijing that houses a thriving artistic neighborhood, amongst 50-year old decommissioned military factory buildings of distinctive architectural style. It is often compared with New York’s Greenwich Village or SoHo.
The region is often known as the 798 Art District or Factory 798 although technically, Factory #798 is only a single of numerous structures within a complicated formerly identified as Joint Factory 718. The buildings are located inside alleys quantity 2 and four on Jiǔxiānqiáo Lù (酒仙桥路), south of the Dàshānziqiáo flyover (大山子桥).
Construction
798 Space gallery, Jan,2009. Old Maoist slogans are visible on the ceiling arches.
The Dashanzi factory complicated started as an extension of the "Socialist Unification Plan" of military-industrial cooperation between the Soviet Union and the newly formed People’s Republic of China. By 1951, 156 "joint factory" projects had been realized below that agreement, component of the Chinese government’s very first Five-Year Plan. However the People’s Liberation Army nevertheless had a dire need of modern electronic elements, which have been produced in only two of the joint factories. The Russians were unwilling to undertake an further project at the time, and recommended that the Chinese turn to East Germany from which significantly of the Soviet Union’s electronics gear was imported. So at the request of then-Premier Zhou Enlai, scientists and engineers joined the initial Chinese trade delegation to East Germany in 1951, going to a dozen factories. The project was greenlighted in early 1952 and a Chinese preparatory group was sent to East Berlin to prepare design plans. This project, which was to be the largest by East Germany in China, was then informally known as Project #157.
The architectural plans had been left to the Germans, who chose a functional Bauhaus-influenced style more than the a lot more ornamental Soviet style, triggering the initial of many disputes between the German and Russian consultants on the project. The plans, exactly where type follows function, known as for big indoor spaces created to let the maximum amount of all-natural light into the workplace. Arch-supported sections of the ceiling would curve upwards then fall diagonally along the high slanted banks or windows this pattern would be repeated several times in the bigger rooms, providing the roof its characteristic sawtooth-like appearance. Regardless of Beijing’s northern place, the windows were all to face north since the light from that direction would cast fewer shadows.
The selected place was a 640,000 square metres area in Dashanzi, then a low-lying patch of farmland northeast of Beijing. The complicated was to occupy 500,000 square metres, 370,000 of which were allocated to living quarters. It was officially named Joint Factory 718, following the Chinese government’s technique of naming military factories beginning with the number 7. Totally funded by the Chinese side, the initial budget was huge for the times: 9 million rubles or around 140 million RMB (US million) at today’s prices actual costs had been 147 million RMB.
Ground was broken in April 1954. Construction was marked by disagreements in between the Chinese, Soviet and German experts, which led at a single point to a six-month postponement of the project. The Germans’ harshest critic was the Russian technology consultant in charge of Beijing’s two Soviet-constructed electronics factories (714 and 738), who was also head consultant of the Radio Industrial Office of the Second Ministry of Machine Building Business. The disputes usually revolved about the Germans’ higher but high-priced quality standards for buildings and machines, which have been named "over-engineering" by the Russians. Among such points of contention was the Germans’ insistence, historical seismic information in hand, that the buildings be constructed to withstand earthquakes of magnitude 8 on the Richter scale, whereas the Chinese and Russians wanted to settle for 7. Communications expert Wang Zheng, head of Communications Sector in the Chinese Ministry of National Defense and supporter the East German bid from the start, ruled in favor of the Germans for this certain factory.
At the height of the construction work, much more than one hundred East German foreign specialists worked on the project. The resources of as many as 22 of their factories supplied the construction at the same time, provide delays had been brought on by the Soviet Red Army’s tremendous drain on East Germany’s industrial production. The gear was transported directly via the Soviet Union by means of the Trans-Siberian railway, and a 15 km track of railroad in between Beijing Railway Station and Dongjiao Station was built especially to service the factory. Caltech-educated scientist Dr. Luo Peilin (罗沛霖), formerly head of the preparatory group in 1951-1953, was Head Engineer of Joint Factory 718 for the duration of its construction phase. Dr. Luo, now retired in Beijing, is remembered by his former colleagues as a committed perfectionist whose commitment to the obstacle-strewn project was a major element of its eventual success.
[edit]Operation
Joint Factory 718 started production in 1957, amid a grandiose opening ceremony and show of Communist brotherhood amongst China and East Germany, attended by high officials of each countries. The 1st director was Li Rui (李瑞), who had been involved in the early negotiations in Berlin.
The factory quickly established a reputation for itself as one of the ideal in China. Via its numerous danwei or "work units", it presented considerable social positive aspects to its 10,000-20,000 workers, specially contemplating the relative poverty of the nation during such periods as the Fantastic Leap Forward. The factory boasted, among other folks:
the best housing obtainable to workers in Beijing, offering completely furnished rooms to whole families for significantly less than 1/30 of the workers’ earnings
diverse extracurricular activities such as social and sporting events, dancing, swimming, and coaching classes
its personal athletics, soccer, basketball and volleyball teams for guys and ladies, ranked amongst the greatest in inter-factory competitions
a brigade of German-created motorcycles, performing races and stunt demonstrations
an orchestra that played not only revolutionary hymns, but also German-influenced classical Western music
literary clubs and publications, and a library furnished with Chinese and foreign (German) books
Jiuxianqiao hospital, featuring German equipment and offering the most advanced dental facilities in China.
The factory even had its own volunteer military reserves or jinweishi (近卫师), which numbered hundreds and have been equipped with huge-scale weapons and anti-aircraft guns.
Workers’ expertise were honed by frequent personnel exchanges, internships and education in cooperation with East Germany. Distinct incentives kept motivation high, such as rewards systems and "model worker" distinctions. At the same time, political activities such as Maoism study workshops kept the workers in line with Communist Party of China doctrine. In the course of the Cultural revolution, propaganda slogans for Mao Zedong Thought were painted on the ceiling arches in bright red characters (where they stay today at the latter tenants’ request).
Frequent VIP visits contributed to the festive atmosphere. Notable guests integrated Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, and Kim Il-Sung.
The Joint Factory produced a wide selection of military and civilian equipment. Civilian production incorporated acoustic equipment for Beijing’s Workers’ Stadium and Excellent Hall of the Folks, as properly as all the loudspeakers on Tiananmen Square and Chang’an Avenue. Military elements had been also exported to China’s Communist allies, and helped establish North Korea’s wireless electronics industry.
1 of the old machine tools in front of some contemporary art in Dec 2005
Soon after ten years of operation, Joint Factory 718 was split into far more manageable components, such as sub-Factories 706, 707, 751, 761, 797 and 798. The very first Head of sub-Factory 798 (the biggest) was Branch Party Secretary Fu Ke (傅克), who played a key function in recruiting skilled workers from southern China and among returned overseas Chinese.
However, the factory came beneath pressure in the course of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms of the 1980s. Deprived of governmental support like a lot of state-owned enterprises, it underwent a gradual decline and was at some point rendered obsolete. By the late 1980s and early 1990s, most sub-factories had ceased production, 60% of the workers had been laid off, and the remains of the management have been reconstituted as a real-estate operation known as "Seven-Star Huadian Science and Technologies Group", charged with overseeing the industrial park and obtaining tenants for the abandoned buildings.
[edit]
The Dashanzi factory complicated was vacated at around the time when most of Beijing’s modern artist neighborhood was seeking for a new residence. Avant-garde art getting frowned upon by the government, the neighborhood had traditionally existed on the fringes of the city. From 1984 to 1993, they worked in run-down houses near the Old Summer time Palace (Yuanmingyuan) in northwestern Beijing, until their eviction. They had then moved to the eastern Tongxian County (now Tongzhou District), much more than an hour’s drive from the city center.
Then in 1995, Beijing’s Central Academy of Fine Arts (CAFA), seeking for inexpensive, ample workshop space away from downtown, set up in the now defunct Factory 706. The short-term move became permanent and in 2000 Sui Jianguo(隋建国), Dean of the Department of Sculpture, located his own studio in the region. The cluttered sculpture workshops have usually remained open for guests to peek at the dozens of workers milling about.
In 2001, Texan Robert Bernell moved his Timezone 8 Art Books bookshop and publishing workplace (founded in 1997) into a former factory canteen he was the very first foreigner to move in. 1 of Timezone 8’s early personnel was style designer Xiao Li, who along her husband, performance artist Cang Xin, helped artists secure and rent spaces in the region.
Via word-of-mouth, artists and designers began trickling in, attracted to the vast cathedral-like spaces. In spite of the lack of any conscious aesthetic in the Bauhaus-inspired style, which grounded architectural beauty in sensible, industrial function, the swooping arcs and soaring chimneys had an uplifting impact on contemporary eyes, a sort of post-industrial chic. At the artists’ requests, workers renovating the spaces preserved the prominent Maoist slogans on the arches, adding a touch of ironic "Mao kitsch" to the place.
Later that year, Mr. Tabata Yukihito from Japan’s Tokyo Gallery set up Beijing Tokyo Art Projects (BTAP, 北京东京艺术工程) inside a 400-m² division of Factory 798’s main area this was the first renovated space featuring the higher arched ceilings that would become synonymous with the Art District. BTAP’s 2002 opening exhibition "Beijing Afloat" (curator: Feng Boyi), drew a crowd of over 1,000 men and women and marked the starting of the popular infatuation with the region.
In 2002, designer artist Huang Rui (黄锐) and hutong photographer Xu Yong (徐勇) set up the 798 Space gallery (时态空间) subsequent to BTAP. With its cavernous 1200-m² floor and numerous-arched ceilings at the center of Factory 798, it was and nevertheless is the symbolic center of the entire district. (Huang and Xu considering that created at least seven spaces in the location and became the prime movers and de facto spokespersons of the District.) A glass-fronted café was set up in the former office section at the back of the 798 space, opening into a back alley now lined with studios and restaurants such as Huang’s personal At Café, and Cang Xin’s #6 Sichuan restaurant, the area’s "canteen".
In 2003, Lu Jie (卢杰) set up the Lengthy March Foundation, an ongoing project for artistic re-interpretation of the historical Long March, inside the 25,000 Li Cultural Transmission Center (二万五千里文化传播中心). Around that time, Singapore-owned China Art Seasons (北京季节画廊) opened for display for pan-Asian art, and was one of numerous new galleries setting up at that time.
Source from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/798_Art_Zone
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Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: View more than Planet War Two aviation wing, such as Japanese planes and B-29 Enola Gay
Image by Chris Devers
See a lot more pictures of this, and the Wikipedia post.
Details, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: Steven F. Udvar-Hazy | Nakajima J1N1-S Gekko (Moonlight) IRVING:
Initially developed as a 3-seat, daylight escort fighter plane by the Nakajima Aeroplane Firm, Ltd., and flown in 1941, the IRVING was modified as a night fighter in May of 1943 and shot down two American B-17 bombers to prove its capability. The Gekko (which means moonlight) was redesigned to hold only two crewmen so that an upward firing gun could be mounted exactly where the observer when sat. Almost 5 hundred J1N1 aircraft, including prototypes, escort, reconnaissance, and night fighters were built in the course of Planet War II. A sizeable quantity had been also utilized as Kamikaze aircraft in the Pacific. The handful of that survived the war had been scrapped by the Allies.
This J1N1 is the last remaining in the globe. It was transported from Japan to the U.S. where it was flight tested by the U.S. Army Air Forces in 1946. The Gekko then flew to storage at Park Ridge, IL, and was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution. The restoration of this aircraft, completed in 1983, took far more than 4 years and 17,000 man-hours to achieve.
Transferred from the United States Air Force.
Manufacturer:
Nakajima Hikoki K. K.
Date:
1942
Country of Origin:
Japan
Dimensions:
All round: 15ft 1 1/8in. x 41ft 11 15/16in., 10670.3lb., 55ft 9 5/16in. (460 x 1280cm, 4840kg, 1700cm)
Supplies:
All-metal, monocoque construction airplane
Physical Description:
Twin-engine, conventional layout with tailwheel-sort landing gear.
Armament: (two) 20 mm fixed upward firing cannon
Engines: (two) Nakajima Sakae 21 (NK1F, Ha35- 21) 14- cylinder air-cooled radial 1,130 horsepower (metric)
• • • • •
See much more photographs of this, and the Wikipedia write-up.
Particulars, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: Steven F. Udvar-Hazy | Boeing B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay":
Boeing’s B-29 Superfortress was the most sophisticated propeller-driven bomber of World War II and the 1st bomber to property its crew in pressurized compartments. Even though created to fight in the European theater, the B-29 identified its niche on the other side of the globe. In the Pacific, B-29s delivered a variety of aerial weapons: traditional bombs, incendiary bombs, mines, and two nuclear weapons.
On August six, 1945, this Martin-built B-29-45-MO dropped the very first atomic weapon employed in combat on Hiroshima, Japan. Three days later, Bockscar (on show at the U.S. Air Force Museum near Dayton, Ohio) dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. Enola Gay flew as the advance climate reconnaissance aircraft that day. A third B-29, The Great Artiste, flew as an observation aircraft on each missions.
Transferred from the United States Air Force.
Manufacturer:
Boeing Aircraft Co.
Martin Co., Omaha, Nebr.
Date:
1945
Country of Origin:
United States of America
Dimensions:
Overall: 900 x 3020cm, 32580kg, 4300cm (29ft 6 5/16in. x 99ft 1in., 71825.9lb., 141ft 15/16in.)
Supplies:
Polished all round aluminum finish
Physical Description:
4-engine heavy bomber with semi-monoqoque fuselage and higher-aspect ratio wings. Polished aluminum finish overall, standard late-Globe War II Army Air Forces insignia on wings and aft fuselage and serial quantity on vertical fin 509th Composite Group markings painted in black "Enola Gay" in black, block letters on lower left nose.
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Jiuyuan CNC Lathe machining, shenzhen, China
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Jiuyuan CNC Lathe machining, shenzhen, China
Image by cesarharada.com
Jiuyuan CNC Lathe machining, shenzhen, China
Image by cesarharada.com
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Item Style China Information
Item Design China Facts
Solution design china is exactly where china firms undertake the creation of new merchandise to be bought by its clientele. The firms undertake a very calculated strategy exactly where the designers brainstorm concepts and then turn them into the final product. The objective of the item is to merge technologies, art and science to create brand new merchandise that the multitude can use. The designers work has been produced less difficult by new effortless to use technology which allows them to be in touch with other folks, envisage an notion, go by means of it and submit a final report in a quick cost efficient way.
The item style china procedure follows a handful of guide lines where soon after going via the initial phase, it is then taken to the second phase which is the concept actualization phase, where the idea is now debated by the engineers exactly where they gather any needed details by conducting questioners and industry researches on the viability of current comparable goods. The final stage is where the engineers now act on the data to style a prototype which is introduced to the market to judge the response of the public. If the solution is viable, the solution style china approach goes into the final stage of production in bulk.
Item style china motivation falls into two categories the initial a single is the demand-drag innovation exactly where the engineers are required to invent a new solution due to difficulties in an existing a single or just enhancing it so as to effectively face competitors from other items. The second type of solution design china is where there is invention-drag innovation exactly where the designers develop original products that are introduced into the marketplace.
Product design and style china engineers make sure that items they style bring about appeal and attempt to captivate a buyer to get the solution. It is really crucial for the engineers to maintain the clients’ interests at heart. The engineers also have a tough job for accommodating every character they acquire. The engineers try to make good quality goods which are of higher quantity so as to preserve clients interested.
Despite appearing like an straightforward job item style china is in fact a strenuous workout and can take up to seven tries ahead of obtaining it right. The item may possibly be introduced and removed from the industry so that the designers increase it to optimum suitability. In basic product design and style china is extremely complete and guarantees that both consumers and companies are satisfied generating the designs amongst the best in the world.
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Why Has The China Prototype Manufacturing Turn into Well Identified For Manufacturing
Why Has The China Prototype Manufacturing Become Well Identified For Manufacturing
As the name suggests, the fast prototyping China has turn into 1 of the most nicely established techniques to design particular prototypes, specially in a fast manner. Just, it is quicker than mechanical model designing because of the use of personal computer generated and aided technologies, suitable for converting metal or difficult substances into the specific shape needed. By means of the process of China prototype manufacturing, there is the benefit of speedy designing of particular objects, with approximate and precise replication of the final solution that would be going into the manufacturing method. Fast prototyping China has been capable to transcend the different processes of manufacturing, since it is deemed to be 1 of the quickest approaches to design and style a metal solution.
Higher accuracy and swift turnover of prototype hallmark of China prototyping technologies
Mainly, sheet metal prototyping is completed employing high finish coding language fitted into the computers, right after which the metal component is carved into a certain structure. This type of China prototype manufacturing has turn out to be nicely identified in the whole globe, simply because of the quick turnover and high accuracy. Quick turnover is possible due to the fact the process of prototype designing is carried out by means of laptop aided technology and not by mechanical cutting. Mechanical cutting procedure takes extremely long time to be completed, which would be further prolonged when the object is complex and of massive size. In addition, there is higher accuracy of the sheet metal prototyping due to the fact of the precise cutting due to the codes, which are input with exact measurements in the computers attached to these cutting and drilling machines. Typically, the CNC machining technology is utilized for China prototype manufacturing, where the prototype designing is carried out with utmost precision and in quick time.
Fast designing of prototypes shortens the time taken for manufacturing to commence right after feasibility testing
Most businesses involved in industrial manufacturing, generally seek the fast prototyping China technologies and procedure for coming out with the rough diagram and solution representation. This solution is then tested and passed right after deliberations and feasibility of production. Throughout such discussions, the time taken for prototyping designing is taken into account, along with the fineness of the goods. In the competitive industry, these functions are also essential to be regarded as as there is require to generate the design rapidly and pass these for final production. So, manufacturing units and companies will anxiety upon accuracy and feasibility as considerably as on the time frame of production.
Manufacturing organizations get enough accuracy and rapid turnover in item mass production
The very best component of the China prototype manufacturing is that these are done with consideration of requirements of the organizations, which hire such solutions. Time of output of such prototypes is very less compared to different other prototyping businesses, whilst the work is done with most accurate precision. Due to the speedy prototyping China technologies, businesses are benefited as the lifecycle time of their product designing and manufacturing is drastically decreased and the product reaches its marketing and advertising potential quite speedily. Idea of sheet metal prototyping is certain to give an edge to businesses, which are attempting to make the procedure of producing merchandise swift as well as precise, and when the competition in consumer market is quite hectic.
The Jiang Li is a Mechanical Engineer and has a excellent quantity of interest in the field of prototyping sector. He has particular interest in subjects associated to speedy prototyping, extrusion prototyping, injection molding, vacuum casting, SLA and CNC milling. The evolution of China speedy prototyping sector has one thing that is a specific interest for this author. The write-ups supply the author’s views on China prototype manufacturing and sheet metal prototyping in China. For more go to us:- http://www.uidearp.com/
Discover More Prototype Manufacturing China Articles
(Post from rapid prototyping companies in china blog)
four Functions Of China Rapid Prototype Which Helps With Item Quality
four Functions Of China Fast Prototype Which Assists With Item High quality
Fast prototyping technologies for designing of products has turn out to be the buzzword in the manufacturing industry these days. Most businesses involved in final production and manufacturing procedure, tension upon acquiring the newest technology which is offered by the China prototype approach, since they want to maintain the item high quality at the highest level. When the China fast prototype is brought into the field of manufacturing, it yields the ideal outcomes for quality as effectively as manufacturing feasibility, so that manufacturing units are benefited as well as the quality of the goods is uncompromised.
Designing small components inside large components – With the support of the modern approaches of China prototype manufacturing and designing, it has grow to be feasible to add quite little parts into the bigger parts of a distinct item. This is observed as an benefit because most businesses are nowadays able to provide customers with sophisticated designs, overcoming the dilemma of incorporating parts inside parts. For the duration of the prototyping procedure, it is achievable to add such designs into the computers with the help of codes, which makes these modest parts as accurate as the bigger styles.
Very good precision with laptop aided designs – Pc aided designs can be drawn up in the microcomputers related with the China fast prototype machines. According to the images input into the computer systems by way of application tools, there is possibility of cutting and designing of a variety of products with precision. All of this approach requires a couple of days to months, thereby shortening the time for completion of the China prototype projects. This offers an benefit for the manufacturing business as feasibility reports and compatibility comes up swiftly and the products can go into mass manufacturing approach.
Corrections at prototype levels add adjustments at low expenses – 1 of the ideal characteristics of China speedy prototype is to get the products prepared with minimal alterations in the item hierarchy. With minimal engineering changes, the goods can go into final production simply because the initial procedure of prototype designing is completed with precision, so that adjustments at later stage are not numerous, thereby allowing for much less expenditures and much better high quality items as desired.
Bringing about alterations without costly expenditures – Costly errors are prevented when China speedy prototype is initial created because alterations essential for the optimal functioning of the products can be completed at the really fundamental level. This will not want a lot more costs as changes will be tiny, which escalates into greater costs when modifications are completed in the course of the actual manufacturing approach. in China prototype, based on feasibility testing and reports, the alterations can be done for 1 or two prototypes and the final product is correct adequate to be sent into mass production.
Maintenance of the product good quality is really essential for manufacturing organizations and China rapid prototype aids in covering the concerns at the right time with small expenditures. Pc aided prototype designing helps in providing the very best merchandise with fine benefits, so that the companies are in a position to commence their production for good quality items in the most optimal manner. Errors are handful of although precision is fairly higher when China prototype is made with quick completion of the projects and designing of smaller sized parts.
The author is a Mechanical Engineer and has a great quantity of interest in the field of prototyping industry. He has specific interest in subjects related to China fast prototype industry, extrusion prototyping, injection molding, vacuum casting, SLA and CNC milling. The evolution of China rapid prototyping business has anything that is a unique interest for this author. The write-ups supply the author’s views on China prototype manufacturing and sheet metal prototyping in China. For more pay a visit to us:- http://www.uidearp.com/
Much more China Fast Prototype Articles
(Post from rapid prototyping companies in china blog)
Cool China Fixture Part Machining Makers photos
A few nice china fixture part machining manufacturers images I found:
WI – WR – Historical Bristol Street Directory 1871
Image by brizzle born and bred
Mathews’ Bristol Street Directory 1871
Wilder Street, North Street to Grosvenor Road
John Smith, lath render
J. T. Ball and Sons, maltsters, etc
John Summerville, builder, etc
Charles Pitman
James Merry, black smith
John Tucker
Thomas Davis, chimney sweep
William Sherring, nail manufacturer William Nichols – In October 1884 he was 14 years old, living with his parents in Baptist Mills and working at Messrs W Sherring of Wilder Street, a nail manufactory. Whilst carrying iron from the bins he slipped and fell against the flywheel. By the time the machine was stopped, he was dead. There was a fence around the machine, but the workers were in the habit of ‘pushing it aside’.
Withy & Co. ginger-beer, lemonade & soda-water manufacturers
James Williams, 1, Cave street cottages
Eliza Snow, fly proprietor, 2, Cave street cottages
Joseph Johnson, carpenter & undertaker, 3, Cave street cottages
George Smith, boot maker
William Lambert, grocer, etc
Joseph Chard, baker & flour dealer
J. Andrews, chimney sweeper
Ann Winniatt, shopkeeper
Joshua Williams, builder
George Mico, grocer
Mary Weston, greengrocer
James Seamer, beer seller
Mrs William Paul, vict, Two Trees 1794. John Lewis / 1806. Isaac Phipps / 1816. Stephen Seager / 1820 – 22. J. Morrosson / 1823 – 32. Samuel Morrosson 1834 – 45. James Vickery / 1847 – 61. James Bale / 1863. Edwin Hamber / 1865 – 69. George Lambourne / 1871. Mrs. Paul 1872 – 75. George Wintle (jnr) / 1877 – 78. Sarah Sowden / 1879 to 1882. John Sharp / 1883. C. Tomkins.
George Howard, vict, Albion Tavern 1841 – 53. Elizabeth Morrison / 1858 – 66. Henry Couzens / 1867 to 1868. W. Watts / 1869. Francis Virtue / 1871. George Howard 1872 to 1875. S. Barton / 1876. T. C. Manning / 1877. S. Balderson / 1878. C. Wyman / 1879. Samuel Harris / 1882 – 83. William Tarr 1885 – 88. William Bailey / 1889. George Clohesey / 1891. Sarah Ann Knight / 1892. Rosina Pollard / 1896 – 99. Charles Spiller 1901. Edward Coles.
Charles King, vict, Royal Oak 1832 – 34. Henry Watkins / 1869. George King / 1871. Charles King / 1872 to 1874. Mabel King / 1875 – 83. Isabella King 1885. George Knott / 1886 – 1909. Frederick King / 1914 – 17. Ellen White / 1921 – 25. Angelina Reed.
James Newman, vict, Crown 1860. John Yeandel / 1866 – 82. James Newman / 1883 to 1887. Kate Morgan / 1888 to 1891. Kate Rowles / 1892. Thomas Dinan 1896 – 1901. George Jenkins.
James Nash, vict, Royal George 1860. Ann Mundy / 1863 – 72. James Naish / 1874 – 81. Joseph W. Keall / 1882 – 87. William Clements / 1889 – 1901. James Thatcher.
Notes
Harry Dimmock – Living at Wilder Street, he was buried at St Paul on January 19th 1839 aged 71.
Ann Roach – Aged 21 in November 1842, she was taken to the Infirmary as while she was crossing Wilder Street she was knocked down by a fly (cab) which passed over her leg and injured it severely.
Wildgoose Cottages, St Philip’s Marsh
Wilkin’s Cottages, Folly Lane
William Street, Grosvenor road to Ashley Road
1. Maria Fuller
2. William Barter
3. Samuel David White
4. Henry Critchett
5. George Hill
6. James Wilmot
7. Herbert Cousins
8. George Browning
9. Charles Williams
10. Henry Hobbert
11. John Edward Sollis
12. Henry Tom Moody
13. David Bank Edwards
14. William Henry Thomas
15. John Goodeve, tea dealer
Notes
G Drake – Lived at 31, King Square. On 2nd March 1899 wrote to the newspaper stating that John Drake carpenter convicted of theft at the assizes was no connection. He did have a son called John who was also a carpenter who resided at 25, William Street, St Pauls.
William Street, Dings
Samuel Isles, beer retailer (Off Licence)
Francis Evans, grocer
William Street, Pylle Hill, Totterdown
2. Edwin Nott, haulier
3. George and Henry Roe
74. Henry Haskins, baker, Victoria house
1. Gilbert Babbage, vict, King William Hotel 1868 – 69. Aaron Davy / 1871 – 83. Gilbert Babbage / 1885 – 88. Matilda Morse / 1889 – 91. Henrietta Thomas 1892 to 1896. John Southwood / 1897. Joseph Gair / 1899. H. Smith / 1904. Emily Newman / 1909. Joseph Gullock 1912 – 21. Florence Annie Geh / 1925 – 38. Frederick Grove.
Williams’ Court, off Barton Street
Richard Excell – Aged 46 in 1818, a shoemaker living with his wife in Williams’ Court, Barton Street, they, were receiving relief payments from St Peter’s Hospital.
Willway Street, Philip Street, Bedminster
Robert Lewis, grocer
William Morgan, mason
George Parker, vict, Willway Tavern 1871. George Parker / 1872 to 1886. Herman Tozer / 1887 – 89. Elizabeth Tozer / 1891 – 1906. Alfred Tozer 1909. William Saunders / 1914 – 21. Leonard Wyatt / 1925 – 31. Robert Wyatt.
Samuel Hardwick, vict, Eagle Tavern 1871 – 77. Samuel Hardwick / 1878. Eli Bowditch / 1881 – 82. William Fewings / 1883 – 91. William Hill / 1892. Joseph Wring 1896. Mary Jane Wring / 1899. Henry Nichols / 1901. William Bryant / 1904. M. Broomsgrove.
Jesse Bumbold, vict, Chequers Tavern Whitehouse Lane / Willway Street. 1865 – 87. Jesse Rumbold / 1888 – 99. Benjamin Rowse / 1901. Henry Pillinger / 1904 – 06. Mary Hampton / 1909. Henry Hampton 1914. William Bailey / 1917 – 21. Albert Evans / 1925 – 28. Nellie Catherine Foxwell / 1931. Gabriel Biggin 1934 – 38. William James Rowland.
Willway Street, Whipping Cat Hill to Lucky Lane
15. Thomas Chinnock, dairyman
Wethered, Cossham, and Wethered, coal merchants, Railway yard
16. J. Gazzard, grocer and beer retailer, vict, Beaufort Arms grocery, bakery and beer house. 1870 – 76. Joseph Gazzard / 1881 – 86. William Bowyer / 1888. H. Maynard / 1888 – 89. John H. Kennard / 1891. Charlotte Baker 1892. George Dunn / 1899. Elizabeth Gulley / 1901 – 06. Hannah Underdown / 1914. Harry Stubbins.
Wilmot’s Crescent, Rose Street, Great Gardens
Wilmot’s Vale, Pipe Lane, Temple
Wilson Avenue, Wilson Street to Cross Gardens
(Beaufort Cottages)
Mark Appleby
Charles W. Porter
John Woodward, carpenter and builder
Elizabeth Thomas
(Beaufort Place)
John Purnell
George Dowling, smith
Charles Cockle
James Bailey
Thomas Wright
Edwin Mutton, boot maker
Wilson Court, Wilson Street
Wilson Place, Wilson Street
John Gore, 1, Wilson villas
William Mortimer, 2, Wilson villas
John Edwards, Aldine cottage
M. Bendell, Gloster cottage
John Cockle
Joseph Baker
John Kirby
M. Fowler
William Thompson
John Southern
John Cudler, mason
Joseph Davis, painter
Wilson Street, Portland Square to Cross Gardens
1. Charles D. Hall, relieving ofiicer
2. George Higgs Masters
3. William Wills, (post office)
4. Mrs Parry
5. Angus Cameron, draper
6. Henry Jones, carpenter
7. Miss Louisa Roberts
8. James Perry, boot maker
9. Joseph Griffin
10. William Ackland
11. William Smith
12. Charles Allen
13. David Griffin
14. Amos Deacon
15. Edward Taplin
16. Thomas Jones
(Gideon Cottages Intersect)
13. James Burrell
14. George Winterson, mason
15. Charles Cuthbert
16. Daniel Chapple
17. James Larcombe, grocer & beer seller
18. Mrs Cox
19. John Routley, grocer & beer seller
(cross over)
St. Paul’s National School, Henry George Clevely, master, Miss Wood, mistress – see below
19. John Clark
20. Mary Smith
21. John Marsh, wood carver
22. Samuel Pullin
23. David Williams
24. John Wakley, mason
25. Thomas Wall
26. Jane Ash
27. Elizabeth Holder
28. James Kingcott, tailor and draper
29. Frank Webb
30. George Adlam, junr.
31. Charles Phillips
Robert Nicholls
32. John Evans
33. Priscilla Mainwaring
31. Malcombe Robertson, tailor, etc
35. Sidney Sprod
36. John Postance
37. R. S. Deacon
38. Nathaniel Davis
Wright and Butler, lamp manufacturers of Birmingham. 1875 exhibited petroleum heating stoves at the 1875 Smithfield Club Show. Oil lamps with the American-style circular ‘The Union Burner’. By 1913 they had been taken over by Falk Veritas of London but use of the Trade name continued.
Parochial Schools, Wilson Street, St Pauls In 1883 225 boys, 162 girls. In 1898 185 boys, 162 girls. Some members of staff as listed in directories, etc: George Vernon (Teacher), Miss F Perry (Teacher) 1861 Mr Clevely (Teacher), Miss Roberts (Teacher) 1883.
Notes: In 1858 John Henry Trinder who had been a pupil teacher at the school was made a Queen’s Scholar, being entitled to 3 years’ education at one of Her Majesty’s Training Colleges free of charge. At the annual school treat in July 1861 400 children were present in the morning when they were examinaed in Scripture by Rev H Rogers, the incumbent and in grammar, gepgraphy and arithmetic by their respective teachers. In the evening there was a substantial tea in the school room which had been decorated with flowers and mottos. In the centre was suspended a white silk banner with a bridal rosette in the middle, as a token of regard of the incumbent’s daughter, Mary Anne Rogers, who had married Thomas Byard Winter Sheppard the previous week. The banner bore the words ‘God bless our pastor’s daughter – Happiness attend her’ in blue lettering.
George Vernon was Master for 18 years and in July 1868 he left to take up the Mastership of the Earl Ducies schools at Tortworth. Several of his past students started a collection and in the end there were 169 subscribers who gave a total of £25. He was presented with an English gold lever watch with guards and appendages and there was enough left over for a pair of vases for Mrs Vernon. At the presentation on July 20th he was also awarded an illuminated text. Edward William Clevely was the second son of George and Emma Clevely. He died aged 22 in October 1884. In July 1886 Ada Reilly Sims passed the examination for admittance to Red Maids.
Notes
Henry Flower – A groom in the service of Mr Tucker of Surrey Mews. He lived at 10, Wilson Street, St Pauls. In July 1885 he was riding a horse through Cumberland Street when the animal slipped and he sustained a compound fracture of the left leg.
Wilson Terrace, Wilson Street
1. Joseph Bridges
2-3. Harriett Thomas
4. George Case
5. William Blake, tailor
6. S. Barrett, painter, etc
7. Alfred Tucker
8. James Stokes
Windmill Hill, Whitehouse Lane
Edward Edgar, beer retailer
Edward Parsons, grocer
James Webber, boot maker, Clifton view cottage
Mrs Gummer, shopkeeper
Albert Stone,
Bethel Chapel (Congregational) founded 1855.
Windmill Hill Board School. Architect A R F Trew.
Sarah Annie Jones, vict, Rising Sun Alfred Road (Windmill Hill) 1853 – 63. William Old / 1871 – 72. Sarah Jones / 1874. William Cheeseman / 1875 to 1888. William Allen / 1889 – 92. John Crossman 1896 – 1917. William Haines / 1928 – 31. James Templar / 1933 – 50. William King / 1953. Walter Lippiatt.
William Bray, vict, Friendship Windmill Hill. 1871 – 1909. William Bray / 1914. Henry Bray / 1917 – 21. Maurice Gould / 1925. Rosina Gould / 1928 – 31. Rosina Parfitt 1935 – 38. Frederick Burchill / 1950 – 53. Frederick Thorne / 1960. R. C. Loveridge / 1975. D. W. Hooper.
Edwin Griffiths, vict, Saddler’s Arms 1871. Edwin Griffiths.
(Providence Place)
Ann Callow, grocer
George Merritt, butcher
Stephen Hopper Hemmings, vict, Spotted Horse Providence Place (Mill Lane) 1842 – 58. Henry Wakefield / 1860 – 69. Samuel Barber / 1871 – 72. Stephen Hopper Hemmings / 1874 – 78. William Davey 1879. George Parker / 1881 – 97. Isaac Gould / 1899. William Brayley / 1904 – 38. Alfred Giles / 1944 – 50. Albert May 1953. Ernest Edward May.
Henry Parker, vict, Colston’s Arms Providence Place, Mill Lane. 1775. Evan Williams / 1792. John Cox / 1837 – 40. James Parker / 1842 – 87. Henry Parker / 1888 – 1901. Charles R. Parker 1904. Frederick Bishop / 1904 to 1908. William Hamlyn / 1909 – 21. Thomas Horner / 1925 – 44. Edwin Nathaniel Watkins 1950 – 53. Frederick Prideaux.
Notes
John Cox (d. January 1899) Aged 43 of Alfred Road, Windmill Hill, found dead in bed. Inquest revealed he suffered pains in his chest. Verdict cardiac failure.
John Howell (d. February 1872) He was 46 when he was found dead in a limekiln on Windmill Hill. His wife Eliza, who had been separated from him for 5 years said he had formerly been a cooper, but due to drink he had had a paralytic seizure and had been put in the workhouse.. He had however left the day before and slept in the kiln where he was found dead by George Rogers a limeburner, on arriving for work.
Windmill Hill Terrace, Windmill Hill
New Mission, Windmill Hill This was opened in August 1884. Rev Canon Mather speaking at the ceremony said many years ago he had unsuccessfully tried to get a church built in the area and was glad to see that there was now a mission rooms. It was beautiful, inexpensive but in want of so many things, not even a harmonium as the one that was there that day had been lent to them. The room was capable of holding 230 people, being 45′ 6" by 20′ 6" with a gallery at one end and a movable platform at the other. On top of the building was a gilded weathervane representing a windmill. A design for a church had been approved at that time, but money was required to carry out the building of it.
Windsor Court, Blackfriars, Lewin’s Mead
Blackfriars Board School, Maudlin Street. Some members of staff as listed in directories, etc: J Whippey (Master), Miss Sophia Vigor (Mistress) 1883-1865 Miss Mitchell (Mistress) 1898.
Moravian Day, Sunday and Infant Schools, Blackfriars and Maudlin Street. In 1872 for 100 boys and 100 girls. Some members of staff as listed in directories, etc: Mr Stockman (Master, Miss Vigor (Mistress) 1872.
Windsor Court, Temple Street
Windsor Court, Kingsland Road
Windsor Terrace, Whitehouse Lane
William H. Gregory, chemist
Thomas Webb, greengrocer
Samuel Hignell, grocer, etc
John Perrett, vict, Forester’s Arms Whitehouse Lane. 1871. James Perrett / 1872. John Perrett / 1874 – 77. James Crof / 1879 – 89. Wellington Beaven / 1891 – 1917. William Evans 1921 – 35. Arthur Evans / 1936 – 1937. Caroline Evans / 1937. Grace Johnson / 1944 – 53. Caroline Sutor.
Notes
Henry Dalton – In February 1872 he was 35 years old, a labourer of 28, Windsor Terrace, Bedminster. He had been unloading bags of sugar from the ship Zanzibar, when he stumbled and fell about 20 feet into the hold and died on the spot. An inquest was held.
Windsor Terrace, Granby Hill, near Paragon, Clifton
1. Joseph Tinn
2. Mrs McGeachey
3. Michael Castle
4. Rev. Walter J. Whiting
5. Isaac Allan Cooke
7. Henry Tayler
10. Miss P. Usher
Herbert De Winton, Windsor villa
William F. Fox, 1, Windsor place
Arthur Carter, 2, Windsor place
Windsor Terrace, St Paul’s
1. William Garrard
2. Robert Couch
3. Samuel James Toleman
4. Mary Matthews
5. Thomas Austin
6. Noah Browning
7. Charles Wathen
8. Sarah Harding
9. William Besley (police)
Windsor Terrace, Totterdown
Mark Thomas
George Richardson, shipping agent
W. Bucknell
Thomas Powell
Felix Raistrick
Charles Thomas, builder
Robert Goddard
John Wallbridge
William Paul, mason
Charles Woodman, cooper
J. L. Vincent, pianoforte tuner
Windsor Terrace, Woolcott Park
Henry Long
Benjamin Vowles
James Heard
J. R. Freeman
Charles Blackburn
Herr Voit, professor of music
George Vinney
Miss Chapple
George Towning
H. R. Wheeler
James Chard, British schoolmaster
Alfred R. Watson, professor of music
H. Evans
W. French, grocer & provision factor
Notes
George Wolfe 1834-1890 Born in Bristol, adopted in early life by a Mrs Buckley of Windsor Terrace, Clifton. Painted marine views and landscapes, oil and watercolour. On his marriage went to live in Hampshire.
Wine Street, Corn Street to Narrow Wine Street
1. Mary Bell, fishmonger & fruiterer
J. W. Trew, surveyor
F. Powell, lithographer
2-3. William and Alfred Edwards, hosiers, glovers, etc
4. Samuel Miller, stationer, fancy depot
5. George Nattriss, confectioner
6. Cotterell Brothers, paper-hangings manufacturers
7-8. O’Handlen & Co., umbrella & fishing tackle manufacturers
9. Samuel J. Burman, watch maker, etc
10. Charles M’Millan, tailor and draper
11-13. A. T. Maishman, milliner and fur manufacturer
14. Baker & Burt, ladies’ outfitters, etc
15-16. Charles and Son, tailors
17. Ridler, Coulman, & Co. Manchester warehousemen, etc
18. Joseph Vincent, brush & comb maker
19. G. Edwards and Son, outfitters
20. John Catlin, brush and comb maker
21. Edward John, hat maker
21. O. Ransford, wholesale hat maker
22. James Candy & Son, linen warehouse
23. John Stroud, chemist
24-26. John W. Langdon & Co. woollen merchants
27-28. Gray & Co., milliners, etc
29. J. Barker, glass and china warehouse
30. William Pockson & Son, fringe and fancy warehouse
31. Maurice Michael, watchmaker and pawnbroker
32. Wills, Biggs and Williams, general warehousemen
33-35. S. Weston, milliner and mantle warehouseman
36. Thomas Bale, watchmaker, etc
37. Martin Wintle, silk mercer, etc
38. Henry Peart, straw warehouse
39. Hillyer & Trew, hosiers & lacemen
40. Thomas Thompson, hosier & laceman
41. Henry Jacob Allis, watch maker
42. David Hyam, outfitter
43. Sharp and Granger, linen drapers
44. Todd and Co. outfitters
45-47. Snow and Taylor, linen drapers, silk mercers, etc
48. Coombs & Co. woollen drapers
49. J. Lodge & Co. bonnet, fur, and mantle warehouse
50-54. Baker, Baker, & Co. warehousemen, drapers, etc
55. Richard Taylor, linen draper, etc
56-60. Jones & Co. linen drapers, etc
61-62. D. P. Belfield & Son, toy & fancy goods warehouse
63-64. J. A. Hodgson, hosier and outfitter
65. J. Baker, hosier and shirt maker
66. Maurice Moore, tobacconist and foreign money exchange
67. Thomas W. Tilly, hat & umbrella maker & fancy bag dealer
Adam and Eve, Wine Street (also listed as Wine Street Passage) For sale on 19th January 1860 as in the possession of George Knowland under lease for 14 years from 14th September 1857, rent £105. Freehold and free. Listed in Inn and Commercial Tavern section.
Information on landlords: F Probart 1824 Edwin Ward 1836-40 George Knowland 1852 G Knowland 1867 George Frederick Knowland 1878 Elizabeth Knowland 1882. Notes: Richard Trotman described as ‘late landlord’ died aged 46 at Coronation Road on March 20th 1840.
Notes: Mr Knowland had a disagreement with T Jones of Jones & Co when the firm’s new store was being erected in Wine Street owing to a part of a cellar used by Mr Knowland being purchased by Mr Jones during the construction. This boiled over on 1st May 1855. Mr Jones had been celebrating a win in Chancery with a group of friends at the house of Mr McMillan, consuming half a dozen bottles of champagne between them which they decided would benefit froma a brandy and water chaser. So they went to the Adam and Eve, whereupon Mr Knowland burst out, grabbed Mr Jones by the collar, pushed him against a wall and swore that he would not enter. After asking him by letter to apologise and send an amount to the Bristol Infirmary, to which there was no reply, Mr Jones brought a case against Mr Knowland that was heard at the Tolzey Court in July. After hearing the evidence the Recorder stated that it would be better settled out of court, which was done.
In 1856 John Baker was charged at Bristol Police Court with stealing three coats from the tavern, the property of Mr Knowland, the landlord. Baker, a recruit, to whom Mr Knowland was said to have shown great kindness, was said to have confessed his guilt and to be very contrite and on the landlord.s intercession the charge was dropped and Baker handed over to his sergeant.
In January 1870 it was reported that for many years Mr Knowland had placed on the smoking tables each Saturday a box in aid of the Royal Infirmary and General Hospital, He had regularly, until recently before his health failed, shaken the box before each customer in the 2 rooms with a friendly request for a penny. The collection for 1861 amounted to 25 guineas, in 1869 was £25 4s.
Mr Knowland was also a visitor at St Peter’s Hospital and Robert James ‘a big powerful man’ who had been an inmate and knew him from this work was taken to court on 1868 for threatening him when he would not offer employment. In 1883 Mrs Knowland reported the collection boxes holding £2 12s 8d.
In March 1884 Albert O’ Brien and Albert Richards were charged with having stolen a pint measure from the pub. It was noticed by a policeman that the measure was marked with ‘Knowland, Adam and Eve’ on the side. O’Brien said that he had ordered the beer just before closing time and could not finish it all so he had taken the cup away and was going to return it the next week. They were fined 11s without costs.
Notes
George Beard – In October 1892 was charged along with his elder brother George, with stealing dress material and other goods from Messrs Jones in Wine Street. George had been employed by the firm as a porter for 2 years. A shop assistant, Helen Anstey stated that she had cut a length of dress material and put it aside and when she returned it was missing. At 6pm George asked her for paper to wrap a parcel and when she followed him the cloth was found there. He pleaded guilty and when he was accompanied to 2, Orchard Street, the Batch, where he lived other pieces of material were found there. His brother lived in 54, Goodhind Street , where more material was found.
Eliza Emily Cottrell, of Wine Street. Declared bankrupt 2nd June 1868.
Joseph Dyer – A lodging house keeper of Wine Street, inserted a notice in the newspaper, February 1818, expressing thanks to the Governor, Deputy Governor and Guardians of the Poor for not prosecuting him ‘for suffering Margaret Thomas, a single woman to lye in at my house of a Bastard Child, thus bringing a charge upon the parish of St Peter’.
Widow Foord – In 1757 was a glover. Lived near the Corn Market in Wine Street.
Catherine Forster (d. 18th January 1805) Eldest daughter of Mr Joseph Forster formerly an apothecary in Wine Street. Died in her 30th year of a consumption ‘as did her two sisters, a few years past.’ according to obituary notice.
Ralph Oliff – Landlord of the Three Tuns In Wine Street. Was sheriff in 1664 and mayor in 1673 and it is claimed he said he took office ‘solely to persecute the Nonconformists.’ Died aged 64 and was buried in the chancel of All Saints.
Mrs Oxley – In 1827 she and three of her children perished in a fire in Wine Street.
Philip Scapulis (d. 1590) Originally from Trier, a stationer lived in Wine Street. In 1577 he was involved (with others) in a dispute with the Attorney General regarding whether their houses which had previously belonged to the Merchant Tailors’ Guild were therefore property of the Crown It was decided by jury that this was not the case. Wife Elizabeth, daughter Margaret, who was born in 1581 and died 4 years later. It is unlikely that he had any other children as they are not mentioned in his will which left bequests to cousins and godsons, neighbours and an ex-apprentice Richard Foorde.
Businesses Wine Street
The Don, 45 and 46 Wine Street (Clothing) The Bristol branch of the Don opened in 1883 under Manager W H Forsyth, who presided over a staff of 30. was one of many in towns throughout England. The upper floor housed workrooms, where at the end of the 19th century sewing machines were ‘driven by an engine, also acting as the motor for the dynamo forming the generator for the electric light installation.’ The height of technology in the high street.
While bespoke tailoring was carried on using these sewing machines, the ready to wear items were made at Stroud. This enabled them to charge the customer only one shilling per ready-made item over the cost price. The handsome premises were destroyed during the Second World War, although the company carried on. Moving to the top of Park Street, particularly noted in the later years as recommended suppliers of school uniforms.
Parnall & Sons, Narrow Wine Street Parnall’s – much more than shop fitters, although this advertisement was specifically aimed at the grocery trade.
H G Parnall founded the business in 1820 and in 1893 it was being described as ‘immense’, having become a limited company some four years earlier. As well as the main warehouse and showroom in Narrow Wine Street, the company had an iron and brass foundry at Rosemary Street and a steam joinery at Fairfax Street. Scales and weighing machines (including the Patent National Balances invented by Mr Parnall and 20,000 sold between 1883 and 1893) were manufactured at Fishponds. The Patent Agate Hand Scales were described as ‘specially worthy of the attention of tea dealers……when suspended above the counter they will work three times as long as any other scale without getting out of order’.
The wide range of items manufactured and supplied also included weighbridges (suitable for railway companies, collieries and public corporations), scoops, sack lifters, barrows and trucks, canisters (in large variety), counter boxes and window show trays, show glasses, butchers’ and other warranted cutlery, marble top tables (for restaurants etc), show stands, treacle cisterns, safes and cash boxes, patent tills, provision tickets, window name plates, tobacco cutters and tobacconists’ fixtures, chairs, bottling machines hand carts, coffee mills, tea mixers, hoists, lifts and gas engines.
They employed 10 representatives on the road and 400 workmen.
Winscombe Buildings, Frogmore Street
Winscombe Court. Frogmore Street
Winsford Street, Pennywell Road, Stapleton Road
Joseph Thorley, painter, etc
Thomas Curtis, tailor, etc
Mary Gapper, greengrocer, etc
James H. Cole, grocer & tea dealer
George Woolley
Mrs Mary Young
Charles Turner, mariner
Charles Shapland
Thomas Rutley, shoe maker
Joseph Snell, tanner, etc
Alfred Johnson, mechanic
William Rowe
Fitzroy Robert Colborne, painter and glazier
John Jennings, baker
Simeon Millman, tea dealer
Mary Jenkins,vict, Pine Apple Pennywell Road. In 1881 Mary Jenkins described herself as ‘publican – out of business’. 1853. Robert Fewing / 1854. Mary Fewing / 1861 – 66. James Webber / 1867 – 79. Mary Jenkins / 1883 – 1904. William Whitaker 1909 – 21. Charles Tristram / 1925 – 38. Henry Castle / 1944 – 53. Edith Holbrook (James Webber was a publican, and potato dealer).
Winsley Villas, Coburg Road, Montpelier
Woburn Place, near Grenville Place, Hotwells
Woodbury Place, Black Boy Hill
Woodbury Terrace, Blackboy Hill
Woodland Road, Tyndall‘s Park to Cotham Road
Miss Butt, Bannerleigh house
James Proctor, Moreton house
Robert H. Symes, Carlton house
Capt. Charles Mallard, R.N. Dundonald house
Thomas N. Harwood
Augustus Phillips, Lansdown house
J. S. Marchant, Somerville house
William Sturge, Chilliswood house
John Hill Morgan, Parklands house
Alfred Gardiner, Dale villa
Iron Church In the fashionable suburb of Clifton, amid the large villas, a mission church was built of iron in 1865. Plans were drawn up for a permanent church by the celebrated architect James Piers St Aubyn, his only church in Bristol, and building was slow, 1870-81. His planned steeple, similar in appearance to that built at Christ Church, never rose above the basement stage and serves as a rather enormous NW porch.
Concerns about the stability of the building brought in John Bevan and he rebuilt part of the nave and chancel, completed 1909. It survived in use until 1976 when the parish was joined to St Saviour. The joint parish purchased the redundant Highbury Chapel c1975 which in turn was restored and rededicated to St Saviour & St Mary, Cotham to replace both buildings. The BBC purchased the Tyndall’s Park church for use as a scenery store. The interior was subdivided and a new entrance created in the north aisle. The church was acquired in the mid-1990s by a free-church congregation, and now in use as the Woodlands Christian Centre. Work began in July 2000 to convert the upper floor into supported housing and the ground floor is to be retained for worship.
Houses
Abergeldie, Woodland Road, Clifton No 19 in road. left hand side going towards Park Row.
Bannerleigh, Woodland Road, Clifton No 15 in road. left hand side going towards Park Row.
Carlton House, Woodland Road, Clifton No 11 in road. left hand side going towards Park Row.
Dundonald House, Woodland Road, Clifton No 9 in road. left hand side going towards Park Row.
Gordon Lodge, Woodland Road, Clifton No 17 in road. left hand side going towards Park Row.
Woodland Terrace, Hampton Road to Auburn Road
1. David Clarke Lindsey
2. Miss Eliza Peters
3. M. A. H. Wood
5. Caroline Ridgway
6. Edward Joseph Heyre
Woodwell Cottages, White Hart Lane
Woodwell Crescent, Jacob’s Wells
Woolcott Buildings, Lower Redland Road to Clyde Road
1. William Pincott
2. John Guppy
3. Benjamin Hall, grocer
4. Mrs Boxwell
5. Thomas Gammon
6. George Morgan, dairyman
7. George Parsons
8. James Carp
9. Walter Mizen, junior
10. Walter Mizen, senior
11. John Shorland, carpenter
12. Maurice Taylor, carpenter and stationer
13. Jeremiah Wicks
14. John Henson, boot maker
15. John Bool
16. William John Woodman
17. Enos Boulter
18. ?. Fear
19. John Knight
20. Enoch Ford
21. Isaac House, greengrocer & fruiterer, Fairfield cottage
22. Thomas Roberts, dairyman
23. T. Roberts, teacher of the piano, etc
24. Mrs Ann Ricketts
Miss Catherine Downs, dressmaker
William Johns
John Smith
Thomas Skyrme, vict, Shakespeare Tavern Lower Redland Road 1867 – 75. Thomas Skyrme / 1876 – 83. Emma Skyrme / 1885 – 92. Jane Marie Tavener / 1894 – 1928. Jane Marie Row 1931 – 35. John Pullen / 1937 – 50. William Hardwell / 1953. Lily Rose / 1975. A. T. H. Bryant Jane Marie Tavener/Rowe was the niece of Thomas and Emma Skyrme.
Woolcott Park, Clyde Road to Lover’s Walk
Uriah Mullett, dairyman & haulier
William Knowles, Rhosven lodge
Albert Gribble, Wynn house
Robert Acton Dodds, Gordon house
?. Stockwell house
Capt. Thomas W. Hives, Marlbro’ villa
George Gatchell, Carrville villa
Mrs Frankland Evelyn villa
W. B. Morgan, Brockley villa
Mrs Mary Harris, Merton villa
Mrs Hannah Hall, Eversley house
Alfred Albert Holmes, Northcote house
Arthur G. Heaven, Lyndhurst villa
Mrs Francis Gatchell, Sunnyside villa
Alfred P. Menefy, Dunmore villa
Mrs John Dix, Penmaen villa
Mrs Mary Ann Williams, Kingmead villa
Christopher Pocklington, Didsbury villa
William Arthur Leonard, Woolbury villa
John Clarke Wallop, Innisville villa
Miss C. Dickenson, Sidney lodge
George Young Home, Roseville villa
James Bailey, Sidney house
Mrs Edmond Gill, Old Cleve house
?. Rock house
Edwin Tardrew, Newlands villa
Henry Wansborough, Bewdley villa
?. Ahorn house
James Buck, Brookville lodge
Jesse Harris, Clarefont house
Eliza Knowles, Myrtle lodge
Dennis Fairchild, Melrose villa
Miss Chard, Gouldnappe house
?. Fripp, Carr villa
St Saviour’s Infant School, Woolcott Park. In 1898 for 100 children. Some members of staff as listed in directories, etc: Misss A Coombe (Mistress) 1898.
Charles Seaman – Living at 6. Leigh Villas, Woolcott Park when prosecuted by Bristol School Board in January 1875 for not sending children to school and fined 3 shillings.
Woolcott Park Terrace, Woolcott Park
George Henry Pike, Gifford lodge
Mrs Isabella Butler, Wilton villa
Christopher Waltham Porter
Miss Morgan, ladies’ school
Worcester Crescent, College Road (South)
Woodforde Ffookes
Joseph B. Powell
Admlral James Vashon Baker
Graham Campbell
Mrs Radcliffe
Montagu Gilbert Blackburn
Miss Elizabeth Salmon
Worcester Lawn, College Road (South)
Joseph L. Roeckel, professor of music
Rev. Beedam Charlesworth
Mrs Christian C. Jones
Dr. George Thompson
Worcester Terrace, Clifton Park
Frederick William Badock, Badminton house
Misses Haycock
Henry Pritchard
Charles Stewart Clarke
Rev. Nicholas Pocock
Rev. F. Vaughan Mather
William Edward Fox
Lady Molyneaux
Arthur Montague
Mrs Catherine Span
Robert Dow Ker
Rev. Philip Ashby Phalps
Gwinnett Tyler
Sshools Clifton Park
Anna Maria Notley & Louisa Nascele Harris, school, Worcester House, Worcester Terrace.
Miss Bartlett’s School for Young Ladies, Badminton House, Clifton park, Clifton. Listed 1898.
Clifton High School for Girls, Clifton Park, Clifton.
A R Douglas’ School for Young Gentlemen, Colchester House, Clifton Park, Clifton. Listed 1898.
Worcester Villas, College Road (South)
Francis Black, M.D. Worcester lodge
William Killegrew Wait
George Wills
Major Owen, Barham lodge
Swinfen Jordan, Cherith lodge
Wordsworth Terrace, Woolcott Park
World’s End, White Hart Steps, Jacob’s Wells
Worrall’s Road, Caroline Row, Durdham Down
Wright’s Court, Pipe Lane, Temple Street
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Cool Rapid Casting China images
Verify out these rapid casting china photos:
Annular Eclipse more than the Pacific Ocean
Image by NASA Earth Observatory
To download the complete resolution and other files go to: earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=78024&src=…
On May 20, 2012, sky watchers from eastern Eurasia to western North America saw a fiery ring around the Moon as it passed amongst the Sun and the Earth. Recognized as an annular eclipse, the occasion blocked sunlight across a swath of Earth up to 300 kilometers (185 miles) wide, and the effects had been most dramatic across the northern Pacific Ocean.
As individuals on the ground looked up at the sky and saw a ring, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) looked down and saw the Moon’s shadow racing eastward more than Earth’s surface. The MODIS instrument on NASA’s Terra satellite captured this all-natural-colour image of the shadow on the Pacific Ocean at roughly 11:30 a.m. neighborhood time on Could 21 (23:30 Universal Time on May possibly 20).
Where the Moon passed in front of the Sun, Earth’s surface appeared black (left half of image). Around the margins of the shadow, our planet’s surface appeared yellowish brown. The shadow cast by an eclipse consists of two components, the totally shadowed umbra and the partially shadowed penumbra.
The annular eclipse started in southern China at 22:06 UTC on Could 20. It then passed more than the southern coast of Japan, and swept more than the Pacific Ocean south of Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. The eclipse completed more than Oregon and California around 01:30 UTC on May 21, obtaining crossed the international date line. The eclipse reached its maximum duration of 5 minutes 46 seconds more than the Pacific Ocean.
In the course of this eclipse, the Moon’s apparent diameter was 94 % of the Sun’s, showing viewers on the ground a vibrant ring of light. Regardless of whether they could see the complete eclipse or just a partial eclipse, millions of individuals turned out to see the show and several posted their images online.
NASA image by Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE MODIS Speedy Response. Caption by Michon Scott.
The Earth Observatory’s mission is to share with the public the photos, stories, and discoveries about climate and the atmosphere that emerge from NASA analysis, including its satellite missions, in-the-field research, and climate models.
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